The Golden Horde
-Mongols of the group known as the Golden Horde overran Russia
-maintained a large army on the steppes north of the Black Sea in which they mounted raids into Russia
-they did not occupy Russia, but they extracted tribute from the Russian cities and agricultural provinces
-Golden Horde kept rule and control in Russia until mid 15th century, when the princes of Moscow rejected its authority while building a powerful Russian state
-maintained a large army on the steppes north of the Black Sea in which they mounted raids into Russia
-they did not occupy Russia, but they extracted tribute from the Russian cities and agricultural provinces
-Golden Horde kept rule and control in Russia until mid 15th century, when the princes of Moscow rejected its authority while building a powerful Russian state
The Ilkhanate of Persia
-while the Golden Horde established authority in Russia, the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia was established
-troops massacred more than 200 thousand residents
-Mongols discovered that they needed to become governors as well as conquerors
-they had no experience administering complex societies
-troops massacred more than 200 thousand residents
-Mongols discovered that they needed to become governors as well as conquerors
-they had no experience administering complex societies
The Mongol Rule in Persia |
-Mongols adopted different tactics in the different lands that they ruled
-Mongols and their allies occupied the highest administrative positions
-Persians served as ministers, provincial governors, and state officials at all levels
-Mongols basically allowed Persians to administer the Ilkhanate as long as they delivered tax receipts and maintained order
-over time, Mongols adapted to Persian cultural traditions
-early Mongol rulers of Persia mostly observed their native shamanism, or religion, but they tolerated all faiths including Islam, Nestorian Christianity, Buddhism, and Judaism
-ended the privileges given Muslims during the Abbasid caliphate, however, the Mongols gradually gravitated towards islam
-Ikhan Ghazan publicly converted to Islam and most of the Mongols in Persia followed in suit of him
-sparked large-scale massacres of Christians and Jews
-signaled return of Islam to a privileged position of Persian society
-Mongols and their allies occupied the highest administrative positions
-Persians served as ministers, provincial governors, and state officials at all levels
-Mongols basically allowed Persians to administer the Ilkhanate as long as they delivered tax receipts and maintained order
-over time, Mongols adapted to Persian cultural traditions
-early Mongol rulers of Persia mostly observed their native shamanism, or religion, but they tolerated all faiths including Islam, Nestorian Christianity, Buddhism, and Judaism
-ended the privileges given Muslims during the Abbasid caliphate, however, the Mongols gradually gravitated towards islam
-Ikhan Ghazan publicly converted to Islam and most of the Mongols in Persia followed in suit of him
-sparked large-scale massacres of Christians and Jews
-signaled return of Islam to a privileged position of Persian society
The Mongol Rule in China
-in China, the Mongol overloads stood aloof from their subjects, whom they scorned as mere cultivators
-they outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese and forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongol language
-Mongols decided to extract as much revenue as possible from their Chinese subjects
-they didn't make much use of administrative talent, so they brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge
-administrative staff included Arabs, Persians, and sometimes even Europeans
-Mongols resisted going with the flow with Chinese cultural traditions
-they ended privileges enjoyed by Confucian scholars and dismantled Confucian educational and examination system
-they did not persecute Confucians, but they allowed the Confucian tradition to wither in the absence of official support
-to remain on good terms with different faiths, the Mongols allowed churches, temples, and shrines to be built
-they tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China, including Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Nestorian Christianity
-for the most part the Mongols continued to follow their native shamanist cults, although many of the ruling elite became enchanted with Lamaist school of Buddhism that developed in Tibet
-Lamaist Buddhism held several attractions; prominent place for magic and supernatural powers, and in that respect it resembled the Mongol's shamanism
-Lamaist Buddhist leaders officially recognized the Mongol's as legitimate rulers
-even recognized the Mongol khans as incarnations of the Buddha himself
-they outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese and forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongol language
-Mongols decided to extract as much revenue as possible from their Chinese subjects
-they didn't make much use of administrative talent, so they brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge
-administrative staff included Arabs, Persians, and sometimes even Europeans
-Mongols resisted going with the flow with Chinese cultural traditions
-they ended privileges enjoyed by Confucian scholars and dismantled Confucian educational and examination system
-they did not persecute Confucians, but they allowed the Confucian tradition to wither in the absence of official support
-to remain on good terms with different faiths, the Mongols allowed churches, temples, and shrines to be built
-they tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China, including Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Nestorian Christianity
-for the most part the Mongols continued to follow their native shamanist cults, although many of the ruling elite became enchanted with Lamaist school of Buddhism that developed in Tibet
-Lamaist Buddhism held several attractions; prominent place for magic and supernatural powers, and in that respect it resembled the Mongol's shamanism
-Lamaist Buddhist leaders officially recognized the Mongol's as legitimate rulers
-even recognized the Mongol khans as incarnations of the Buddha himself
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